The At The Bank Until 11 - 2144 Words

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Biography of Isaac Newton Essay - 587 Words

Sir Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire, near Grantham, on December 25, 1642. His education took place at Trinity College, in Cambridge where he lived from 1661 to 1696. Here is where he studied physics and astronomy, and created calculus. Newton became interested in mathematics in the autumn of 1663 when he tried to read an astrology book but could not understand it because he had little knowledge of trigonometry and geometry. What got his mind going was when he read that parallelograms upon the same base and between the same parallels are equal. He then returned back to the astronomy book with a greater understanding and interest. In the summer of 1665, the plague closed down the University he was attending and during†¦show more content†¦Before his time, people had believed that white light was a basic single entity, but the chromatic aberration in a telescope lens convinced him otherwise. 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Business Plan Joes Vinegar Essay Example For Students

Business Plan Joes Vinegar Essay Joe’s Original Seasoned Vinegar MARZ Foods, LLC Executive Summary MARZ Foods, LLC is a manufacturer of 100% all natural seasoned vinegar that is healthy and delicious. The first product we will launch is Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar. The recipe was handed down in the owner’s family for at least four generations, and we are ready to share it with the world. This is the first condiment of its kind and currently it has no competitors. Joe’s has several marketing points. For one, there’s no other product like it. Through the use of a food broker and taste sampling, we are confident our product will be a huge success. Second, the target market is huge. Nearly every person of grocery-purchasing age will have a reason to try Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar. Whether it is a young person that is interested in great tasting zero calorie foods, a parent that would try anything to get their children to eat vegetables, or an elderly person that needs no-salt condiments, Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar is the product of choice! This yields a local target market of over 75,000 and over 110 million nation wide. It is possible that our seasoned vinegar is really good for you! Studies show that apple cider vinegar and garlic, two of Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar’s ingredients, help lower high blood pressure, lower cholesterol, prevent blood clots, prevent cancer, and protect against bacterial and fungal infections. Lastly, the product has an incredible lab-tested shelf life of 24 months. This means there is minimal risk for both the retailer or for MARZ Foods, LLC. The owners/operators of MARZ Foods, LLC are Nicole Martin and Barry Muslow. Barry is in the process of being trained by Johnson Wales as a chef and has owned and operated several successful entrepreneurial ventures. Nicole has over 8 years in project management experience. Nicole and Barry’s dedication and past experience will ensure sustainable growth for MARZ Foods, LLC’s product line. MARZ Foods, LLC believes we will reach profitability by the end of 2008 and forecasts nearly one million dollars in net profit in just two years. The financials within the plan further reinforce the exciting projected business. 1. Objectives MARZ Foods, LLC has several objectives that they will achieve within the first three years. The first is an increase in sales reaching over one million dollars by the end of 2009. MARZ Foods, LLC will strive to get gross margins to be above 50%. MARZ Foods, LLC hopes to be selling mass quantities to grocery and wholesale stores through the use of a food broker by the third quarter of 2008. Sales should reach over one million dollars by the end of 2009. 2. Mission MARZ Foods, LLC’s mission is to provide delicious condiments that are 100% all natural, organic, healthy, and delicious. 3. Keys to Success †¢ Delivering high quality 100% natural products at an affordable price. †¢ Producing products with a long shelf life. Providing service, support, and a better than average margin to our retailers. †¢ Increasing net cash flow to over ten million dollars by the end of 2010. 1. The Company MARZ Foods, LLC’s mission is to provide delicious condiments that are 100% all natural, organic, healthy, and delicious. The launch product is an old family recipe that tastes amazing and may have medicinal side effects such as being able to help lower high blood pressure (this claim has not been substantiated by any medical professional or group). The immediate goals are to produce and sell our product in the local farmers’ markets and specialty stores, then to incorporate selling of the product at in-state festivals, and eventually expanding to grocery chains and wholesale clubs state and nation wide. MARZ Foods, LLC will continue R activities to experiment with new flavors to guarantee the long-term success of the company. 1. Company Ownership MARZ Foods, LLC is a privately held corporation owned in total by its co-founders, Nicole Martin and Barry Muslow. 2. Company History MARZ Foods, LLC has been hindered only by the lack of working capital it had in its initial stages of setup and operation. Sales are growing steadily. In order to make significant headway in this area, additional capital is needed to pay for a food broker to market our product and the initial production run at the manufacturing plant. According to Net Industry, a food broker is a sales agent that negotiates sales for producers and manufacturers of food and food products. Producers and manufacturers often sell through food brokers rather than directly because it saves the cost of paying a sales staff to market their products. Coincidentally, since food brokers represent a large number of producers, the wholesalers and retailers also save time and money by dealing with one broker rather than with many manufacturers representatives. By utilizing a food broker, demand for our products will dramatically increase and we will need to utilize a manufacturing plant to produce our product. The initial production run will be costly; however the cost will significantly decrease after the first run. 3. Past Performance   Past Performance | | | | | |2006 |2007 |2008 | |Sales |$0 |$2,700 |$900 | |Gross Margin |$0 |$1,350 |$450 | |Gross Margin % |0. 00% |200. 00% |200. 0% | |Operating Expenses |$0 |$4,525 |$420 | |Inventory Turnover (per 50 |0 |3 |2 | |cases) | | | | |   |   |   |   | |Balance Sheet |   |   |   | |   |2006 |2007 |2008 | |Current Assets |   |   |   | |Cash |$0 |$0 |$50 | |Accounts Receivable $0 |$0 |$0 | |Inventory |$0 |$0 |$1,725 | |Other Current Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Curre nt Assets |$0 |$0 |$1,775 | | | |Long-term Assets |   |   |   | |Long-term Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Accumulated Depreciation |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Long-term Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Assets |$0 |$0 |$1,775 | | | |Current Liabilities | |Accounts Payable |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Current Borrowing |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Other Current Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |(interest free) | | | | |Total Current Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Long-term Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |   | |Paid-in Capital |$0 |$0 |$5,000 | |Retained Earnings $0 |$0 |($3,145) | |Earnings |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Capital |$0 |$0 |$1,855 | |   | |Total Capital and |$0 |$0 |$1,855 | |Liabilities | | | | |   | |Other Inputs |   |   |   | |Payment Days |0 |0 |0 | |Sales on Credit |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Receivables Turnover |0 |0 |0 | 4. Company Locations and Facilities Currently we have one location in Melbourne, FL. It includes the production area and warehouse area. We currently pay for only the space we need, and can expand to retain much more product. However, once the food broker has marketed our product in markets nation wide, the demand will increase. When we can get those orders in, we are prepared to subcontract a manufacturer who will produce our product for us at a minor increase of cost. The subcontractor will require one week’s notice and in that time we will be able to provide the product’s supplies. Both our production practices and that of the subcontractor provide a high quality, healthy, delicious food product. 2. The Product For many years, the food industry was dominated by fast and easy food, regardless of how unhealthy those foods were. With obesity at an all time high, and heart disease being the number one killer of people in the United States (CDC 2008), people are now taking a closer look at the foods and condiments they intake. People are looking for heart-healthy, salt, and fat free condiments to season their food. 1. What is Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar is a simple blend of apple cider vinegar, garlic, and spices that produces a very complex and interesting flavor. The combination of garlic and spices transforms the taste of the apple cider vinegar in a truly unexplainable way. It’s an old family recipe that has been passed down for at least four generations, and is absolutely delicious. This is a perfect example of the whole product being more than just the sum of its parts. Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar contains no calories or traditional nutritional value. It can be used to marinate meat, fish, poultry, and vegetables. It can be used as a salt-free additive to vegetables, beans, meat, poultry, and fish. A Journey Through Writing EssayMARZ Foods, LLC plans to subcontract the manufacturing of their products once product demand reaches a level beyond their ability. MARZ Foods, LLC does not plan to purchase capital equipment or any real estate. Therefore, there are three different product exit strategies. The first strategy is our most profitable, which is to license the production of our product to another food production company. The second is to sell our trade secrets to another food production company. Lastly, should MARZ Foods, LLC decide to end production, we could sell any left over product at any price necessary to remove it from our subcontractor’s warehouse. 5. Organizational Structure 1. Management Summary MARZ Foods, LLC was founded by Nicole Martin and Barry Muslow and has always operated without the burden of payroll or salary expenses. Barry Muslow, President Barry assists with preparation and production of the seasoned vinegar, maintains inventory of the finished product, is responsible for packing and shipping and/or delivery, and assists with record keeping. Barry is responsible for marketing and promoting Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar locally. Nicole Martin, Vice President Nicole is currently responsible for preparation of the seasoned vinegar including preparing, bottling, labeling the product. She also maintains inventory of and purchases all supplies. Nicole maintains company and financial records. To date, neither owner has collected a paycheck from the company. However, as orders are processed and goals are met, plans are to subcontract the production to a manufacturer to take production out of our hands. Once sales reach a specific point, we plan to pay each owner as full time employees. We are forecasting this to transpire in the second quarter of 2009. 2. Organizational Structure MARZ Foods, LLC’s planned organization calls for product development, finance, and administration, which will continue to be handled by the owners. Production will be subcontracted out to a manufacturer. A food broker will handle sales and marketing. 6. Financial Plan MARZ Foods, LLC is forecasting very rapid growth for Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar this year. Although this may seem ambitious based on historic sales, this rate of growth is due to the employment of a food broker. The food broker we have selected has proven sales, references have been researched in full, in major food stores such as Kroger, Roche Brothers, Shaw’s, and B. J. ’s Wholesale Club. 1. Important Assumptions The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table. The key underlying assumptions are: †¢ We assume a slow-growth economy, without major recession. †¢ We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in the consumer market to make products immediately obsolete or out of favor (or not increasing in popularity). We assume access to equity capital and financing sufficient to maintain our financial plan as shown in the tables, addendum, and additional documentation |General Assumptions | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Plan Month |1 |2 |3 | |Current Interest Rate |3. 00% |3. 00% |3. 00% | |Long-term Interest Rate |0. 00% |0. 00% |0. 00% | |Tax Rate |0. 00% |0. 00% |0. 00% | 2. Key Financial Indicators The most important financial factor for MARZ Foods, LLC’s Joe’s Seasoned Vinegar product is the ability to procure financing that will allow us to progress to the next level. As demand for our product increases, our production cost will decrease due to purchasing supplies at increased volumes. This will lower our product cost and will enable us to pass our savings on to our customers and through to the consumers. 3. Break Even Analysis The break-even analysis shows that MARZ Foods, LLC has a good balance of fixed costs and sufficient sales to remain successful. Purchasing supplies in larger volumes will allow us to further reduce our break-even point and add to our goal of increasing the margin on our product. 4. Projected Profit and Loss We expect to close out this year with over $160,000 in sales, and to increase our sales to more than $14 Million per year by 2010, with comfortable net profit. Pro Forma Profit and Loss | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Sales |$162,000 |$1,671,769 |$14,905,659 | |Direct Costs of Goods |$70,000 |$557,256 |$4,258,759 | |Other |$0 |$0 |$0 | |   | | | | |Cost of Goods Sold |$70,000 |$557,256 |$4,258,759 | |   |   |   |   | |Gross Margin |$92,000 |$1,114,513 |$10,646,900 | |Gross Margin % |76. 09% |50. 00% |40. 00% | |Expenses | |Payroll $9,600 |$43,500 |$72,800 | |Sales and Marketing and |$6,480 |$50,153 |$298,113 | |Other Expenses | | | | |Utilities |$4,000 |$5,000 |$6,000 | |Insurance |$2,000 |$2,200 |$2,400 | |Rent |$7,680 |$30,720 |$30,720 | |Other |$1,000 |$1,200 |$1,400 | |   | | | | |Total Operating Expenses |$30,760 |$132,773 |$411,433 | |   |   |   |   | |Profit Before Interest and |$61,240 |$981,740 |$10,235,467 | |Taxes | | | | |EBITDA |$61,240 |$981,740 |$10,235,467 | |   |   |   |   | |Net Profit |$61,240 |$981,740 |$10,235,467 | |Net Profit/Sales |37. 0% |58. 72% |68. 67% | 5. Projected Cash Flow We expect to manage cash flow over the next three years with the assistance of a Small Business Administration supported loan of $100,000. This financial assistance is required to provide the working capital to meet the current needs while providing a solid foundation to b uild the growth of the company and its products. This will allow the company to meet and exceed sales projections, gross margin, and return on investment. As shown by the cash flow in the table, we expect a healthy growth in net worth through the end of the plan period. |Pro Forma Cash Flow |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Cash Received |   |   |   | |Cash from Operations |   |   |   | |Cash Sales |$162,000 |$1,671,769 |$14,905,659 | |Subtotal Cash from Operations|$162,000 |$1,671,769 |$14,905,659 | |Additional Cash Received |   |   |   | |Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Received | | | | |New Long-term Liabilities |$100,000 |$0 |$0 | |Sales of Other Current Assets|$0 |$0 |$0 | |New Investment Received |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Subtotal Cash Received |$262,000 |$1,671,769 |$14,905,659 | |   |   |   |   | |Expenditures |2008 |2009 |2010 | |   |   |   |   | |Expenditures from Operations |   |   |   | |Total Operating Expenses; |$70,000 |$557,256 |$4,258,75 9 | |Cash Spending and Bill | | | | |Payments | | | | |Subtotal Spent on Operations |$70,000 |$557,256 |$4,258,759 | |   |   |   |   | |Additional Cash Spent |   |    | |Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Out | | | | |Principal Repayment of |$3,650 |$5,680 |$6,350 | |Current Borrowing | | | | |Other Liabilities Principal |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Repayment | | | | |Long-term Liabilities |$6,500 |$15,850 |$15,850 | |Principal Repayment | | | | |Purchase Other Current Assets|$0 |$0 |$0 | |Purchase Long-term Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Dividends |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Subtotal Cash Spent |$80,150 |$578,786 |$4,280,959 | |   |   |   |   | |Net Cash Flow |$181,850 |$1,092,983 |$10,624,700 | |Cash Balance |$181,850 |$1,274,833 |$11,899,533 | Works Cited Thaller, M. (2007) Cool cosmos. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from http://coolcosmos. ipac. caltech. edu/ Barton, Joe (2008) Natural Ways to Lower High Blood Pressure 5 Secrets to Naturally Cure Hypertension. Retrieved March 15, 2008, fr om http://ezinearticles. com/? Natural-Ways-to-Lower-High-Blood-Pressure5-Secrets-to-Naturally-Cure-Hypertensionid=1021462 Census Bureau (1996) Current Population Reports. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/prod/1/pop/p25-1129. pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) Heart Disease is The Number One Cause of Death. Retrieved

Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Essays -

Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a killer. What we know is that it wastes no time. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease will kill a person within one year of contraction. It is yet unknown how Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease chooses its victims, but it does seem to have accomplices, known as the spongiform encephalopathies, in the rest of the animal kingdom. It is possible that it may be known what means Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease uses in order to annihilate its victims, but the theory surrounding that is still controversial. By examining the facts and observing the evidence we shall one day uncover the truth behind this malicious killer. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a rare neuro-degenerative disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a rare neuro-degenerative disease that leads to the loss of coordination, dementia and death. Death usually occurs within a year of the onset of symptoms. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a human disease and can be dormant for as long as thirty years. The average age of onset is sixty years, but there are recorded instances of onset as easily as sixteen years and as old as 80 years. It is estimated that, world-wide, between 0.5 and 1 case per million population occurs annually. Increased incidence in some regions of the world has been attributed to the possibility of a genetic predisposition. In the United States the incidence has been reported as being 0.9 deaths per million population attributable to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. This is an inexact figure however, due to the fact that Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is not a reportable disease in the United States (Holman) and the Center for Disease Con trol does not actively monitor the disease (Altman). To track the disease the Center for Disease Control has initiated a four-state study of death certificates (Altman), but since death certificates are not always accurate Davanpour) the survey may not provide an accurate assessment. This leaves the true prevalence in the United States and other countries remaining a mystery. Compounding the uncertainty, autopsies are rarely performed on atypical dementia patients (Harrison) because medical professionals fear infection (Altman). The officially reported rate of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease incidence is less than one case per million people per year (World). An informal survey of neuropathologists, however, registered a theoretical range of 2 - 21% of all dementia as actually Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Harrison) and hundreds of thousands of Americans suffer from severe dementia every year (Brayne; United). Two other studies average about a 3% Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease rate among dementia patients (Mahendra; Wade). A preliminary 1989 University of Pennsylvania study showed that 5% of patients diagnosed with dementia were actually dying from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Boller). It would seem that Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is seriously underdiagnosed. The most common misdiagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is Alzheimer's disease (Harrison). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease was even described as ?Alzheimer's in fast forward (Wlalzek).? The symptoms and pathology of both diseases overlap. There can be spongy changes in the brain (a classic effect of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) in Alzheimer's disease, for example, and senile plaques deposited on the brain (a classic effect of Alzheimer's disease) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Brown). The causes may overlap as well; epidemiological evidence suggests that people eating meat more than four times a week for a prolonged period have a three times higher chance of suffering dementia than long-time vegetarians (Giem), although this result may be confounded by vascular factors (Van Duijn). Paul Brown, medical director for the U.S. Public Health Service (Gruzen), said that the brains of the young people who died from the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Britain even look like the brains of A lzheimer's patients (Hager). Stanley Prusiner, the scientist who coined the term prion, speculates that Alzheimer's may in fact turn out to be a prion disease as well (Prusiner). In younger victims the disease could look like multiple sclerosis or a severe viral infection, according to Alzheimer's expert Gareth Roberts (Brain). Twenty percent or more of people clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease are found at autopsy to not have had Alzheimer's at all (McKhann). At Yale, out of 46 patients clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's, 6 were proven to have actually had Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease at autopsy (Manuelidis). In another post-mortem study 3 out of 12 Alzheimer patients actually died from a spongiform encephalopathy

Consumer Behaviour Campaign Honda Insight Hybrid

Consumer Behaviour Campaign Honda Insight Hybrid Introduction The purpose of this campaign was to research and analyse the key consumer behaviour issues towards an advertising campaign. The product that we chose was Honda Insight Hybrid vehicle. Following is a picture of the Honda Insight Hybrid car.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Consumer Behaviour Campaign: Honda Insight Hybrid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Honda Insight Hybrid Honda wanted to target two categories of customers for their new vehicle launch. Firstly, the students and professionals within the age group of 20 to 29, who were interested in a stylish and safe mode of transportation. Secondly, the elderly above 55 years of age who preferred a technologically advanced and environment friendly vehicle. The most favoured method of analyzing any product is the SWOT analysis. SWOT means the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of that particular product or company. Following is an ill ustration of the SWOT analysis of Honda Insight Hybrid car. SWOT Analysis of Honda Insight Hybrid Strengths Honda has a great brand image that will surely help in building up the sales. In today’s world, when the fuel sources are becoming limited and alternative sources of energy are being sought, the fuel efficiency of Honda Insight Hybrid is a welcome feature. Commenting on a test drive, Ben Stewart said, â€Å"If gasoline prices continue to raise much beyond today’s $4 per gallon national average, both Toyota and Honda should see sales of these two hybrids skyrocket.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But if we could have just one of these cars to drive every day, our pick would be the slightly-more-fun Honda.† (Stewart, 2011). Honda has used the latest technology in manufacturing the car. Another positive aspect of the car is that it emi ts less pollution and is environment friendly. As a result of these features, the car is expected to be favoured by the masses. Weaknesses The inclusion of new features has raised the cost of the car. Honda Insight Hybrid might be the preferred car but due to the high price, most of the people may not be able to afford it. The car hasn’t been tested yet for its on-road performance. As such, people might resist buying it immediately. They would prefer to wait and watch. According to reports, one of the major drawbacks of Honda Insight Hybrid is its being light weight. Hence its on-road stability is uncertain. Opportunities Ours is a vast market. Proper marketing and making people aware of the new features can help in garnering good number of customers. Moreover, many of us are loyal to the brand of Honda. We know that Honda will always bring out the best. This popularity can be tapped to have good sales. Threats The major threat that Honda Insight Hybrid has is from its compet itors like Toyota. The expected launch of Toyota’s Prius C by March 2012 might reduce the sales of Honda Insight Hybrid. In this regard, Larry E. Hall opined that, â€Å"But, it will soon be overshadowed by the 2012 Prius C when it arrives in March.† (Hall, 2012) Conclusion The overall behaviour of the people towards the new Honda Insight Hybrid is encouraging and if test reports are to be believed, the car has a bright future. In my opinion, to get an edge over its main competitor, Toyota, Honda should reduce the price of its new car to some extent.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Consumer Behaviour Campaign: Honda Insight Hybrid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Hall, L. E. (2012). Honda Insight. Web. Stewart, B. (2011). 2012 Honda Civic vs. 2011 Toyota Prius: Hybrid Mileage Test. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/a6661/2012-honda-civic-vs-2011-toyota-prius-h ybrid-mileage-test/

Freedom of the Press and Student Newspapers

Freedom of the Press and Student Newspapers Generally, American journalists enjoy the freest press laws in the world, as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. But attempts to censor student newspapers- usually high school publications- by officials who dont like controversial content are all-too-common. Thats why its important for student newspaper editors at both high schools and colleges to understand press law as it applies to them. Can High School Papers Be Censored? Unfortunately, the answer sometimes seems to be yes. Under the 1988 Supreme Court decision Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, school-sponsored publications can be censored if issues arise that are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns. So if a school can present a reasonable educational justification for its censorship, that censorship may be allowed. What Does School-Sponsored Mean? Is the publication supervised by a faculty member? Is the publication designed to impart particular knowledge or skills to student participants or audiences? Does the publication use the schools name or resources? If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then the publication can be considered school-sponsored and can potentially be censored. But according to the Student Press Law Center, the Hazelwood ruling doesnt apply to publications that have been opened as public forums for student expression. What qualifies for this designation? When school officials have given student editors the authority to make their own content decisions. A school can do that either through an official policy or by simply allowing a publication to operate with editorial independence. Some states - Arkansas, California, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Oregon and Massachusetts - have passed laws beefing up press freedoms for student papers. Other states are considering similar laws. Can College Papers Be Censored? Generally, no. Student publications at public colleges and universities have the same First Amendment rights as professional newspapers. The courts have generally held that the Hazelwood decision applies only to high school papers. Even if student publications receive funding or some other form of support from the college or university where they are based, they still have First Amendment rights, as do underground and independent student papers. But even at public four-year institutions, some officials have tried to smother press freedom. For example, the Student Press Law Center reported that three editors of The Columns, the student paper at Fairmont State University, resigned in 2015 in protest after administrators tried to turn the publication into a PR mouthpiece for the school. This occurred after the paper did stories on the discovery of toxic mold in student housing. What About Student Publications at Private Colleges? The First Amendment only bars government officials from suppressing speech, so it cant prevent censorship by private school officials. As a result, student publications at private high schools and even colleges are more vulnerable to censorship. Other Kinds of Pressure Blatant censorship isnt the only way student papers can be pressured to change their content. In recent years many faculty advisers to student newspapers, at both the high school and college level, have been reassigned or even fired for refusing to go along with administrators who want to engage in censorship. For instance, Michael Kelly, faculty adviser to The Columns, was dismissed from his post after the paper published the toxic mold stories.

The Fall of the Berlin Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fall of the Berlin Wall - Essay Example Those in charge of the Eastern Bloc felt that this migration would lead to a so-called â€Å"brain drain†, particularly as many of the migrants were young and well-educated . The East also felt that the West, particularly West Germany, was still under fascist influences , and these two fears lead to the feeling that such migration should be stopped and the erection of the Inner German Border, separating the two areas of Germany but allowing traffic to flow freely between the two areas of Berlin, despite the city being occupied by separate powers .  Due to Berlin’s more open nature, there were fears that the emigration to the West would continue. Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the time, is implicated in making the suggestion that the Berlin Wall be erected and President John F. Kennedy is thought to have implied that no resistance would be made against the erection of such a border . Shortly following this, a deal w as made to finalize the plans, and the border was closed by military officials and barbed wire in the early days of August 1961, with the concrete elements of the wall shortly following. From this date until November 1989, it was nearly impossible to cross between the two areas of Berlin.Wall. The Cold War was a state of political tension between the West (headed by the U.S.) and the East (headed by the Soviet Union) which never showed direct military action but was symbolized by the constant threat of nuclear war.... ration should be stopped and the erection of the Inner German Border, separating the two areas of Germany but allowing traffic to flow freely between the two areas of Berlin, despite the city being occupied by separate powers5. Due to Berlin’s more open nature, there were fears that the emigration to the West would continue. Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the time, is implicated in making the suggestion that the Berlin Wall be erected and President John F. Kennedy is thought to have implied that no resistance would be made against the erection of such a border6. Shortly following this, a deal was made to finalize the plans, and the border was closed by military officials and barbed wire in the early days of August 1961, with the concrete elements of the wall shortly following. From this date until November 1989, it was nearly impossible to cross between the two areas of Berlin. The End of the Wall and the War The Cold War had a huge part to play in the construction and fall of the Berlin Wall. The Cold War was a state of political tension between the West (headed by the U.S.) and the East (headed by the Soviet Union) which never showed direct military action but was symbolized by the constant threat of nuclear war7. Ronald Reagan was one of the most influential figures of the Cold War and its end, signing an agreement to ban intermediate-range nuclear weapons with the then-Soviet Genera l Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev8. Reagan also challenged Gorbachev to tear down the wall, symbolizing as it did the oppressive regime of the Soviet Union and everything that the President stood against. At the same time, much of the Soviet economies were stagnant and revolutions in Poland and the Baltic States were well underway,

Reward strategy and todays business climate Essay

Reward strategy and todays business climate - Essay Example There are many types of reward strategies, which are completely different based on the unique environment in which the company operates. For instance, if the organisation has found that previous reward efforts such as the distribution of a company vehicle had found significant success in motivating senior-level executive performance, this would be something in future reward strategies which should not be amended. Another company which has found that various training and development packages have promoted better employee performance would want to consider these elements when redesigning a new reward strategy to meet modern business needs in today’s economic climate. There is a significant linkage between cutting-costs and the HR function in today’s businesses, with one part of business leadership attempting to retain talented workers by providing them with better reward compensation and the other part to ensure that long-term business strategy is achieved; especially in terms of finance (Logan, 2009). One recent survey, the Reward Management Survey, conducted by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, found that four out of 10 employers were expected to modify existing bonus and incentive policies in order to recognise business value and reduce costs (Logan).

Outline and evaluate Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate Essay Outline and evaluate the view that the role of youth culture is to assist in the transition from childhood to adulthood (33 marks) The view that youth culture is a transitory phase is a functionalist idea which comes under the process of social integration where individuals become integrated into different social groups so they have a sense of belonging. Parsons (1954), argued that youth culture provides a bridge from childhood to adulthood by enabling young people to become more independent and detached from their parents. This takes the view of youth culture being a ‘rite of passage’. Eisenstadt (1956) suggested youth culture bound young people together and formed a sense of community stemming from a shared way of life. There are some criticisms of the functionalist approach such as the emphasis of shared features which means they ignore the differences between youth subcultures, a Marxist would argue these differences are important and cannot be ignored. Another argument against functionalism would the focus on age specific groups which misses an opportunity to look at youth as a state of mind able to be felt by anyone regardless of age. Marxists pay more attention to subcultures than functionalists and their theories are associated with the CCCS. The CCCS is considered neo-Marxist and their view of youth subcultures is that they are a product of structural explanations such as the economy and social class rather than general explanations such as age. Hall and Jefferson (1976) believed youth subcultures are a form of resistance to the ‘crisis of capitalism’. Through adopting a subcultural style youths were able to reject the dominant culture. Clarke (1976), who studied skinhead culture, believed that through the subculture they were able to exaggerate their working class background and hold on to tradition in the face of the extinction of working class communities. Brake (1980) suggested youth subcultures provide ‘magical’ solutions by providing safety from problems and an opportunity to express freedom and new ideas. The subculture allows them to convince themselves they will be able to solve the problems of their time but the solutions aren’t able to be sustained in reality, thus the reason they are referred to as magical. Marxists are accused of ignoring the involvement of girls in subcultural groups and issues of ethnic identity. There is also an assumption in the CCCS work that most youths joined subcultures which is debateable as it is possible many were ‘ordinary youths’. The CCCS are also criticised of looking too far into the reasons why youths join subcultures, perhaps many of them joined just for fun. There have also been accusations of Marxists ignoring the role of the media in the formation of youth subcultures. The main argument feminists make is that other approaches largely ignore the role of females in subcultures. McRobbie and Garber (1976) were critical of the work the CCCS for this reason. Their research on female subcultures identified a ‘Bedroom culture’ which features included experimenting with make-up and hairstyles, discussing boys and magazines. There are few studies of all-girl subcultures but one that has been in the USA are the ‘Riot Grrrls’ who use powerful image forms of communication to display their anger and feelings of oppression. The feminist view focuses mainly on gender related issues and has been criticised for this but this approach seems to suggest the role of youth culture for girls, in the case of bedroom culture, is to share information about their personal life and gain advice to help them through the transitional phase and in the case of the Riot Grrrls to express themselves and challenge the dominant culture which is perceived to be male oriented. Postmodernists believe that youth style has become increasingly fragmented over the years. They argue that shared attachments are not the norm in the UK as youth styles are viewed as fluid changeable and eclectic. Bennett (1999) called these fluid and complex youth styles ‘Neo-tribes’. People can move in and out of these neo-tribes over time which reflects the transitory nature of youth. An example of a neo-tribe would be club culture. Polemus (1997) noted the ‘supermarket of style’ available to youths. They are able to choose from different fashions, music tastes and identities and mix them together to form their own. Postmodernist views have been criticised as there are still examples of subcultures in the present day such as goths or emos. The idea of fluidity may also be overstated as most young people don’t move in and out of neo-tribes over long periods of time. In conclusion, all of the approaches in a sense agree with youth culture being part of becoming an adult through increased independence and self-expression. It involves young people exploring their newfound responsibilities and freedoms along with ways to deal with any problems they face as a consequence.

One is Happy When He Believes That He is Happy :: Happiness Essays

Not many people are happy, but all the libraries are filled with books on happiness, and this very fact should make us curious. The Ancients gave us dozens of recipes on how to conduct a happy life, each of them contradicting the other, or at least, with very dissimilar opinions. The Modernity has its own solutions up to the negation of the very possibility of having a happy life. And recently, mister Francis H. came up with his own idea of happiness. He argues that the problem of happiness can be reduced to wealth, knowledge and a personal belief of being "in control" of one's own life. Let's at first consider these factors. Wealth is important, according to mister Francis H., because it allows the satisfaction of one's basic needs. It seems to me that if it was true, the Ancients had no chance to be happy at all and we can not be happy as well, since in the time to come people will be even more wealthy than they are now (see later on the part of my essay "On Future") and able to better satisfy their needs. Well, I guess the notion of wealth is just relative. Same as basic needs which can cause even more trouble. What are basic needs? Color TV and refrigerator or your own jet plane? Or maybe just a barrel in a harbor as Diogenes showed us? Knowledge. In my opinion the problem with knowledge may be similar to the wealth issue. Knowledge in general (meant as scientific knowledge) has increased dramatically over the last centuries, but arguing that this has contributed to general happiness is at least risky, not to mention superfluous. This problem has two main aspects, firstly, its relativity (as in the case of wealth); we can fly to Venus and kill most of the microbes but there is still much more to be done. Secondly, its validity in the pure aspect, as giving us answers about the world and life in general. On the other hand, as far as personal knowledge, or education, or one's intelligence goes, I don't really see any direct correlation between what one knows and is capable of doing to his own happiness. History can supply us with arguments to both sides. If you don't like history, go to the nearest psychiatric hospital to see the lack of correlation. Here we come to the third aspect of happiness: The personal belief of being "in control".

Black Men and Public Spaces Essay

The name of the story is Black Men and Public Spaces. It was written by Brent Staples in 1986. Brent Staples is a black man who whenever in public is met with fear from others because of his race’s stereotype. Feeling like a potential perpetrator can be just as unnerving as feeling like a potential victim. Staples has the ability to alter public space by his physical behavior, his dress and his verbal reaction. Black men have a reputation of being rapist, murders and gang members, therefore many people get worried when a young black man is around. So Staples has learned how to change his perception or level of threat to others. He accomplishes this by his physical behavior. The way he walks or acts around others can change there mood. Now Staples notices if people are frightened by him. Brent Staples attempts to introduce people to something most all are guilty of, but pay little attention to. Using accounts from his own and others’ experiences, Staples essay portrays the racist tendency of people to assume black men are potentially violent and dangerous. Stereotypes are so common in our world today and people don’t even notice how bad they portray it. I hate seeing that a man had to force himself to change the way he acts and portrays himself in public. Why should someone change their ways? It made me think of a time when I was getting gas on Green River Road near Washington Avenue. I was almost done when a car with two black men pulled up and stepped out of their car. I was nervous so I stopped and got into my car real quick. Now that I think about it those men weren’t doing anything, just grabbing some late night food. How could I be that bad of a person? I know now that was wrong of me and I’m working on it. I hope someday society will realize what they are doing and change it. Not just for their sake but for mankind. Staples was viewed as a rapist, murder, and etcetera, all because he was a black man. But in reality he was just as uncomfortable as everyone who looked at him differently. Brent Staples tries to make people aware of what they are guilty of and someday all will realize.

Definition of Mergers and Acquisition Essay

One plus one makes three: this equation is the special alchemy of a mergers or an acquisition. The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value over and above that of the sum of the two companies. Two companies together are more valuable than two separate companies – at least, that’s the reasoning behind Mergers and Acquisition. This rationale is particularly alluring to companies when times are tough. Strong companies will act to buy other companies to create a more competitive, cost – efficient company. The companies will come together hoping to gain a greater market share or to achieve greater efficiency. Because of these potential benefits, target companies will often agree to be purchased when they know they cannot survive alone. Distinction between Mergers and Acquisitions Although they are often uttered in the same breath and used as though they were synonymous, the terms mergers and acquisition mean slightly different things. When one company takes over another and clearly established itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist; the buyer â€Å"swallows† the business and the buyer’s stock continues to be traded. In the pure sense of the term, a mergers happens when two firms, often of about the same size, agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a â€Å"mergers of equals. † Both companies’ stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. For example, both Daimler – Benz and Chrysler ceased to exist when the two firms merged, and a new company, DaimlerChrysler, was created. In practice, however, actual mergers of equals don’t happen very often. Usually, one company will buy another and, as part of the deal’s terms, simply allow the acquired firm to proclaim that the action is a merger of equals, even if it’s technically an acquisition. Being bought out often carries negative connotations, therefore, by describing the deal as a merger, deal makers and top managers try to make the takeover more palatable. (Investopedia. com – the resource for investing and personal finance education. http://www. investopedia. com/university/mergers (Page 3 of 15). A purchase deal will also be called a merger when both Chief Executive Officers agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies. But when the deal is unfriendly – that is, when the target company does not want to be purchased – it is always regarded as an acquisition. Whether a purchase is considered a mergers or an acquisition really depends on whether the purchase is friendly or hostile and how it is announced. In other words, the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target company’s board of directors, employees and shareholders. Garbage (2007) in his thesis paper on International Mergers & Acquisitions, Cooperation and Networks in the e-business’ defines a mergers as â€Å"the combination of two or more companies in which the assets and liabilities of the selling firms are absorbed by the buying firm†. According to Gaughan (2002) â€Å"a mergers is a combination of two companies in which only one company survives and the merged company ceases to exist, whereby the acquiring company assumes the assets and liabilities of the merged company†. An acquisition also known as a takeover? s the buying of a company, the target? by another or the purchase of an asset such as plant or a division of a company. In the case of Vodafone acquisition of GT the acquired company Ghana Telecommunication Company limited still remains the legal name and Vodafone Ghana (VFGH) as the brand name. Rosenbaum and Pearl (2009) describe another form of acquisition known as a consolidation. According to them the terms mergers and consolidation are sometimes used interchangeably. As a general rule of thumb, a merger describes the acquisition of a smaller company by a larger one. If the union is between two corporations of more or less equal size, then the term consolidation is probably applicable. For the purpose of this study, the definition of Rosenbaum will be adopted as the working definition of a merger. Types of Mergers From the perspective of business structures, there are different kinds of mergers. According to Welch, P. and Welch, G. (2007) Economics: Theory and Practice (8th ed. ), economists generally classify mergers into three types: (1) horizontal, (2) vertical and (3) conglomerate. Horizontal mergers This type of mergers takes place when two firms in the same line of business i. . they are in direct competition or they share the same product lines and markets combine. A typical example is the 1999 Exxon Mobil mergers. The merger between Vodafone and Ghana Telecom which is the focus of our study is also a horizontal merger. Anticompetitive effects The vast majority of significant competition issues associated with mergers arises in horizontal mergers. A horizontal merger is one between parties that are competitors at the same level of production and/or distribution of a good or service, i. e. , in the same relevant market. There are two types of anticompetitive effects associated with horizontal mergers: unilateral effects and coordinated effects. Unilateral effects, also known as non-coordinated effects, arise where, as a result of the merger, competition between the products of the merging firms is eliminated, allowing the merged entity to unilaterally exercise market power, for instance by profitably raising the price of one or both merging parties’ products, thus harming consumers. In homogeneous markets, unilateral effects can be pronounced when two significant competitors merge to create a large, dominant player with only a few or no other competitors. In these markets, an important role in the assessment is played by market shares and by the capacity available in the market. In differentiated markets, unilateral effects tend to arise particularly when the two merging companies have highly substitutable goods. Such a price increase does not depend on the merged firm being the dominant player in the market. The likelihood and magnitude of such an increase will instead depend on the substitutability of the products supplied by the two firms – the closer the substitute, the greater the unilateral effects. Coordinated effects arise where, under certain market conditions (e. g. , market transparency, product homogeneity etc. ), the merger increases the probability that, post merger, merging parties and their competitors will successfully be able to coordinate their behaviour in an anti-competitive way, for example, by raising prices. As in the case of unilateral effects, the most common form of coordinated effects is in the case of horizontal mergers, i. e. mergers between firms active on the same market. The main question in analysing coordinated effects should be whether the merger materially increases the likelihood that firms in the market will successfully coordinate their behaviour or strengthen existing coordination. The task is to identify what factors are likely to lead to coordination taking place between firms post-merger. This was a controversial area with which competition authorities and courts have struggled to come to terms over the years, but experience has led to the emergence of some agreement on what conditions are most likely to give rise to coordinated effects. According to the â€Å"Airtours criteria†, coordination is more likely to emerge in markets where it is relatively simple to reach a common understanding on the terms of coordination. In addition, three conditions are necessary for coordination to be sustainable. First, the coordinating firms must be able to monitor to a sufficient degree whether the terms of coordination are being adhered to. Second, discipline requires that there is some form of credible deterrent mechanism that can be activated if deviation is detected. Third, the reactions of outsiders, such as current and future competitors not participating in the coordination, as well as customers, should not be able to jeopardise the results expected from the coordination. Vertical mergers These are mergers between firms that operate at different but complementary levels in the chain of production (e. g. , manufacturing and an upstream market for an input) and/or distribution (e. g. , manufacturing and a downstream market for re-sale to retailers) of the same final product. Another example is the acquisition of ABC television network by Walt Disney to enable Walt Disney air its recent movies to huge audiences. In purely vertical mergers there is no direct loss in competition as in horizontal mergers because the parties’ products did not compete in the same relevant market. As such, there is no change in the level of concentration in either relevant market. Vertical mergers have significant potential to create efficiencies largely because the upstream and downstream products or services complement each other. Even so, vertical integration may sometimes give rise to competition concerns. Anticompetitive effects Vertical effects can produce competitive harm in the form of foreclosure. A merger is said to result in foreclosure where actual or potential rivals’ access to supplies or markets is hampered or eliminated as a result of the merger, thereby reducing these companies’ ability and/or incentive to compete. Two forms of foreclosure can be distinguished. The first is where the merger is likely to raise the costs of downstream rivals by restricting their access to an important input (input foreclosure). The second is where the merger is likely to foreclose upstream rivals by restricting their access to a sufficient customer base (customer foreclosure). However, it should be noted that in general vertical merger concerns are likely to arise only if market power already exists in one or more markets along the supply chain. Conglomerate mergers involve firms that operate in different product markets, without a vertical relationship. They may be product extension mergers, i. e. , mergers between firms that produce different but related products or pure conglomerate mergers, i. e. , mergers between firms operating in entirely different markets. In practice, the focus is on mergers between companies that are active in related or neighbouring markets, e. g. , mergers involving suppliers of complementary products or of products belonging to a range of products that is generally sold to the same set of customers in a manner that lessens competition. This kind of mergers takes place when two firms in unrelated lines of business combine. A merger between a bank and a media house will be an example of a conglomerate merger. One example of a conglomerate merger was the merger between the Walt Disney Company and the American Broadcasting Company (http://www. sk. com/wiki/Conglomerate_merger) Anticompetitive effects Merger review in this area is controversial, as commentators and enforcement agencies disagree on the extent to which one can predict competitive harm resulting from such mergers. Proponents of conglomerate theories of harm argue that in a small number of cases, where the parties to the merger have strong market positions in their respective markets, potential harm may arise when the merging group is likely to foreclose other rivals from the market in a way similar to vertical mergers, particularly by means of tying and bundling their products. When as a result of foreclosure rival companies become less effective competitors, consumer harm may result. However, it should be stressed that in these cases there is a real risk of foregoing efficiency gains that benefits consumer welfare and thus the theory of competitive harm needs to be supported by substantial evidence. Evaluation of the effectiveness of existing regulations aimed to reduce anticompetitive practices of Mergers and Acquisitions in Ghana. Mergers and Acquisitions among companies in Ghana are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Securities Industry Law 1993 (PNDC Law 333) (Ghana Investment Promotion Center, 2008). The law mandates the SEC ‘to review, approve and regulate takeovers, mergers, acquisitions and all forms of business combinations in accordance with any law or code of practice requiring it to do so. Ghanaian law on mergers and acquisitions is an amalgamation of several executive and legislative instruments passed as the corporate finance industry continues to evolve. The need to generate constructive competition among enterprises has been recognized by the government, and monopolies are actively discouraged as a result. The merger in November 2003 of two prominent international mining companies – Ashanti Goldfields and AngloGold (AngloGold succeeded in outbidding Rand Gold in the highly con-tested race with an offering of $1. 4 billion) promises great value to shareholders and the operations of both companies. The Companies Code stipulates the manner in which mergers and amalgamations should be effected. It places emphasis on company resolutions that authorize mergers and amalgamations and on the preservation of affected creditors’ rights. Ghanaian courts frown upon the arbitrary treatment of members or shareholders, and ample provision is made for aggrieved persons to apply to the court for redress at different stages of the merger or acquisition process. Foreign enterprises are guaranteed unconditional transferability of profits and dividends through any bank authorized to deal in freely convertible currency, encouraging and securing foreign investment. The transfer of company shares is exempted from all stamp duties and capital gains resulting from mergers, amalgamations and reorganizations are also tax exempt. Under Ghanaian investment law, preferential treatment is given to foreign and Ghanaian joint ventures by guaranteeing lower minimum capital requirements than those required for wholly foreign-owned enterprises. On the whole, mergers and acquisitions in Ghana continue to evolve as the government secures an attractive environment through executive, legislative and judicial activism to attract direct foreign investment and thus improve the economy. Consequently, the local corporate finance market has began to see increasingly complex financial transactions taking place as more international companies elect Ghana as the regional centre for their operations and its courts for dispute resolution issues.

Free Essays on Franklin Roosevelt Biography

Curriculum-Vitae Franklin Delano Roosevelt Born: At his family's estate at Hyde Park, in Dutchess County, New York. Parents: He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. Franklin was born into a pleasant and sociable home, with loving parents and congenial, rather aristocratic companions. Education: His mother supervised his education until he was 14. French-speaking and German-speaking tutors did most of the actual instruction and helped him develop early a talent for those languages. For further education, he went to Groton School in Massachusetts, which had a reputation as one of the finest of the exclusive private schools that prepared boys for the Ivy League colleges. From Groton Roosevelt went on to Harvard College. He entered in 1899, and remained until 1904. He took his bachelor's degree in 1903 but returned to Harvard in the fall to serve as editor of the student newspaper, The Crimson. He then moved to New York City, where he entered the Columbia University Law School in 1904. Although he attended classes until 1907, he failed to stay on for his law degree after passing the state examinations allowing him to practice law. Marriage: Before he finished his work at Columbia, young Franklin Roosevelt had married his distant cousin Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. They had been in love for some time and were married in spite of the opposition of Franklin's mother in New York City on March 17, 1905 The bride's uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, was present at the ceremony. Five of their six children grew to maturity: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin, Jr., and ... Free Essays on Franklin Roosevelt Biography Free Essays on Franklin Roosevelt Biography Curriculum-Vitae Franklin Delano Roosevelt Born: At his family's estate at Hyde Park, in Dutchess County, New York. Parents: He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. Franklin was born into a pleasant and sociable home, with loving parents and congenial, rather aristocratic companions. Education: His mother supervised his education until he was 14. French-speaking and German-speaking tutors did most of the actual instruction and helped him develop early a talent for those languages. For further education, he went to Groton School in Massachusetts, which had a reputation as one of the finest of the exclusive private schools that prepared boys for the Ivy League colleges. From Groton Roosevelt went on to Harvard College. He entered in 1899, and remained until 1904. He took his bachelor's degree in 1903 but returned to Harvard in the fall to serve as editor of the student newspaper, The Crimson. He then moved to New York City, where he entered the Columbia University Law School in 1904. Although he attended classes until 1907, he failed to stay on for his law degree after passing the state examinations allowing him to practice law. Marriage: Before he finished his work at Columbia, young Franklin Roosevelt had married his distant cousin Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. They had been in love for some time and were married in spite of the opposition of Franklin's mother in New York City on March 17, 1905 The bride's uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, was present at the ceremony. Five of their six children grew to maturity: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin, Jr., and ...

Review of Timeline by Michael Crichton

Review of Timeline by Michael Crichton The purpose of history is to explain the presentto say why the world around us is the way it is. History tells us what is important in our world, and how it came to be. Michael Crichton, Timeline Ill admit it right up front: I dont like historical fiction much. When authors are sloppy in their research, I find the inaccuracies distracting enough to ruin what might otherwise be a good story. But even when the representation of the past is largely authentic (and to be fair, there are some extraordinary authors who really know their stuff), fictionalization makes history much less enjoyable for me. What can I say? Im a hopeless history buff. Every minute I spend reading fiction is a minute Id rather spend learning historical fact. Heres another confession: Im not a big fan of Michael Crichton. I do find good science fiction fascinating (a genre that pushes the edges of what if is as mind-expanding for me as a scholarly discipline that asks what really happened). And Crichton isnt a bad writer, but none of his works has ever made me sit up and say, Wow! While his ideas can be intriguing, they all seem to make much better movies. Whether this is because his style lacks the immediacy of film or because I have to spend less time plowing my way through the story I have yet to decide. So, as you can well imagine, I was predisposed to despise Crichtons semi-historical novel Timeline. The Up Side of  Timeline Surprise! I liked it. The premise was appealing, the action was gripping, and the ending was dramatically satisfying. Some of the cliffhangers and segues were very nicely executed. While there wasnt a single character I could identify with or even like very much, I was pleased to see some character development as a result of the adventure.  The good guys grew more likable; the bad guys were really bad. Best of all, the medieval setting was mostly accurate, and well-realized to boot. This alone makes the book a worthwhile read, especially for those who are unfamiliar or only somewhat familiar with the Middle Ages. (Unfortunately, this is a rather large percentage of the population.) Crichton effectively points up some common misconceptions about medieval life, presenting the reader with a vivid picture that is at times much more attractive, and at other times much more frightening and repellent, than that generally presented to us in popular fiction and film. Of course there were errors; I cant imagine an error-free historical novel. (Fourteenth-century people larger than modern folk? Not likely, and we know this from the skeletal remains, not surviving armor.) But for the most part, Crichton really managed to bring the Middle Ages alive. The Down Side of  Timeline I did have some problems with the book. Crichtons usual technique of expanding the cutting-edge technology of today into a believable science-fiction premise fell sadly short. He spent too much effort trying to convince the reader that time travel could be possible, then used a theory that struck me as internally inconsistent. Though there may be an explanation for this apparent flaw, it was never addressed clearly in the book. I suggest you avoid a close examination of the technology and accept it as a given in order to enjoy the story more. Furthermore, the characters who were surprised by the realities of the past were people who should have known better. The general public may think the Middle Ages were uniformly filthy and dull; but encountering examples of good hygiene, splendid interior decor or swift swordplay shouldnt surprise a medievalist. This makes the characters not very good at their jobs or, worse, it presents the erroneous impression that historians dont bother with the details of material culture. As an amateur medievalist, I find this rather annoying. Im sure professional historians would be downright insulted. Still, these are aspects of the book that are easy to overlook once the action is truly underway. So get ready for an exciting ride into history. Update Since this review was written in March of 2000, Timeline was made into a feature-length, theatrical-release movie, directed by Richard Donner and starring Paul Walker, Frances OConnor, Gerard Butler, Billy Connolly and David Thewlis. It is now available on DVD. Ive seen it, and its fun, but it hasnt broken into my list of Top 10 Fun Medieval Films. Michael Crichtons now-classic novel is available in  paperback, in  hardcover, on  audio CD  and in a  Kindle edition  from Amazon. These links are  provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links.

Cross-cultural management & HRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross-cultural management & HRM - Research Paper Example IHRM is concerned about managing the human capital at the international level at multinational companies (MNC). It is especially requisite to manage three types of employees’ i.e. domestic employees, host country employees as well as employees of the different countries. For this reason, it is a vital challenge for the human resource manager to handle the diversity effectively along with efficiently. This is because it is effectively related to the productivity of the organization when working collectively with the people of different cultures. According to Bernard Baruch stated regarding cross-cultural communication that â€Å"We did not all come over on the same ship, but we are all in the same boat† (Hord & et. al., 2009). In accordance with today’s working culture for the effective implementation of globalization, it is rapidly becoming enormous, as the business environment has expanded to the various geographical locations. Therefore, it is a major challenge for the HR managers of the MNCs to understand the cultural aspects of the different countries and geographical locations to promote the business and expand the market share, along with interacting and collaborating across boundaries using global communication technologies (Self, n.d.). However, there are also enormous positive aspects of cross-cultural diversity in the organization because it considers creativity along with innovation as well as provides various advantages which include helping an organization to enter the international arena. ... According to Bernard Baruch stated regarding cross cultural communication that â€Å"We did not all come over on the same ship, but we are all in the same boat† (Hord & et. al., 2009). In accordance with today’s working culture for the effective implementation of globalization it is rapidly becoming enormous, as the business environment has expanded to the various geographical locations. Therefore, it is a major challenge for the HR managers of the MNCs to understand the cultural aspects of the different countries and geographical locations to promote the business and expand the market share, along with interacting and collaborating across boundaries using global communication technologies (Self, n.d.). However, there are also enormous positive aspects of cross-cultural diversity in the organisation because it considers creativity along with innovation as well as provides various advantages which include helping an organisation to enter in the international arena. Diver sity among the team also is very helpful to improve elasticity and ensure quick response to any kind of challenges. A company with a diverse workforce can better serve and compete in the assorted market exceptionally beyond their imagination. Nevertheless, managing cross cultural elements in the organisation is very challenging, for this reason there is requirement to established open communication among all, supporting ongoing training and monitoring the various programmes to achieve the organisational targets (Crowe& Hogan, 2007). Therefore, the objective of the essay is to discuss the topic of measuring process in terms of workforce diversity taking care of national as well as organisational

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 128

Assignment Example This paper explores and discusses the sovereignty claims of the native tribes in Alaska and Akaka in Hawaii. Natives of Alaska, a land purchased by the United States from Russia have gone through a tumultuous period of political and legal up and downs before the recognition of their self-government status by the federal government. Throughout the contacts between the aboriginals of Alaska and the Europeans, the natives have hotly pursued their rights to the ownership of their lands. In history, the Tlingit, Tanaka and Haida tribes initially fought with the Russia, and vehemently object the sale of the lands to the US, claiming the rightful ownership. After the sale, they took their struggle to a different player until the recognition of their status through the Congress enacted law, the Alaska native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 (Zellen, 120). The state government of Alaska has over the years softened its stand on tribal sovereignty amongst the Alaskan tribes. In 1992, the Native Policy Statement, an instrument from the state government codified laws acknowledging the tribal authority and recognized their special status. Hawaiian sovereignty efforts are dissimilar from other Native American claims as they demand total cessation from the Union and a return to the previous monarchial rule. However, there are certain actors within the native population who are pushing for self democratic government, whilst others have acknowledged the importance of the Union and are urging fellow tribes mate to stay within the Union. In the same breath as the governments of the other Native Americans, such as those in Alaska, the native populations are pushing to be including in an arrangement referred to as a nation within a nation (Trask, 66). In fact such a bill has been brought before the senate, repeatedly the Daniel Akaka (Kauanui, 173).

Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Poverty - Research Paper Example The global poverty empirical analysis is far from reaching a consensus on remedies and causes of poverty. Nevertheless, as a consequence, philosophers are extremely divided with regard to who might be held responsible for poverty (individuals or groups). Humanity has been privileged to solve various problems such as finding cure for the insidious illnesses and extracting energy from diverse sources. However, they are unable or unwilling to find solutions to the greatest problem (poverty). The termination of the 20th century was characterized by a commitment by several countries to eradicate poverty. The same period was marked by success in the achievement of price stability. Credit was given to the Central Bank as a result of its adoption of new technologies in the conduction of monetary policies. Currently, some central banks have adopted inflation targeting. With this strategy at hand, the rate of interest is the principal tool used by the central banks in their endeavor to impleme nt monetary policy (Helder & Jose, 2007). Impact of Poverty on the Society The impacts of poverty are closely related, so that a single problem seldom occurs on its own. For example, poor sanitation triggers new and old diseases, whilst lack of adequate water and hunger make people continue living in poverty. Communities and societies that are impoverished mostly suffer from discrimination. As a result, they are prawn to poverty cycles. It results in lifelong troubles and handicaps that are transferred from generation to generation – for instance, lack of school education, lack of basic hygiene, and disease transmission (Jones, 2003). Poverty results in extremely low incomes and unemployment – for example, creates the environment where children cannot simply attend school. For those individuals who have the privilege of attending school, they don’t perceive how their hard work can improve their lives. This is because their parents do not improve on their everyda y tasks despite their efforts. Sociological readings have also proved that the impacts of poverty are always transferred from generation to generation. Routine, family values, and living standards leave a minute room for an individual to develop. The enduring need to provide for shelter and food has made individuals to forget other duties such as providing their children with satisfactory life through education. The impacts of poverty are similar, as they do not satisfy an individual need satisfactorily. People living in poverty are often unwell and emaciated, and due to this their lives become shorter. The normal impacts of poverty are lack of opportunities, physical and mental aliments, addiction and drug abuse, increased rates of crime, woman and child abuse, homelessness, education deprivation, and debt pressures. Economic Policy Solution to the Problem To find solutions to poverty, individuals should come up with a strategy that aids those people who are poor for purposes of ge tting them out of poverty and eliminating conditions that enable them to remain in poverty. The policy and strategies should take into consideration the holistic assessment of issues that contribute to an individual wellbeing, such as health care and financial services. Global poverty is the most challenging problem that can be addressed by organizational scholarships. A variety of issues related to poverty have been discussed at the World Economic

Computer Hardware and Networking Course

Computer Hardware and Networking Course Computers nowadays have become the integral part of our lives; it has made things really fast. Its increasing use has provided opportunity for the youngsters to start of an exciting and highly payable career in this world of IT. As if in past computer hardware and networking was not considered as a good career opportunity but now the situation has changed, among various courses related to IT, Computer hardware and networking courses are gaining much popularity. Sales of computer desktops, laptops, printers, UPS and so on, are rapidly increasing leading to the need of hardware and networking professional in the field. Computer hardware and networking courses serves these needs. These courses not only provides high paying career in various units as hardware or networking engineer but it also increases your experience and provides a much needed exposure. Eligibility Criteria High school or 10+2 pass out Basic knowledge of computers Course Module You can choose from various courses offered by the institutes, which also provides certification from reputed IT companies. The course duration varies from 15 to 18 months according the chosen course. The basic objective of this course is to provide vast and useful knowledge about this field and give you the upper edge among the untrained professionals in this field. Benefits of Joining Computer Hardware and Networking Course You will know all the minute technicalities about this field You get rich experience during the industrial training You will have better placement in the field due to certification You gain better communication skills with confidence Course Contents You are introduced to the computer hardware and networking in depth and the fundamentals of the course content, which primarily contains: Computer fundamentals Introduction to computer hardware and networking Basic components of PC Hardware configuration Assembling a PC Installing operating system Trouble shooting of PC Network fundamentals and network configuration Introduction to various types of cables and connectors used in networking Introduction to networking and networking concepts Repeaters, Hubs, Switches, Bridges, Routers Installing the NIC Card, MAC Address LAN Standards Ethernet, Token Ring LAN Practicals IP Addressing and IP Classes TCP/IP Concepts and configuration of IP Address Basic network troubleshooting Basics of network security After the completion of the course, most of the institutes provide industrial training in the reputed industries in the field. Placement Opportunities On successful completion of course most of the institutes help in direct placements and you can easily start of career as an IT Support Engineer/Technician, Network Support Engineer/Technician, System Engineer, System Administrator, Server Support Specialist, and Field Support Technician. After completing one type of certification you can go on for another one or higher level according to the need of the current technology and industry, which helps you to be a pro in this field. This field requires updated knowledge along with experience due to rapidly changing technology which doesnt make your work monotonous and hence always provide scope for expansion and handsome earnings.

To Kill A Mockingbird - Differences between Movie and Book :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

To Kill A Mockingbird - Differences between Movie and Book There are usually differences in two different versions of something. This can often be seen when a book is made into a movie. There are many similarities and differences in the book and movie versions of To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. To begin with, there are many similarities between the book and movie To Kill A Mockingbird. For example, Tom Robinson died in an attempt to escape from prison in both the book and the movie. In my opinion Tom's death was crucial to the original story, and I believe the movie would have been seen as over-sentimental if the scriptwriters had let him live. Another important similarity between the book and movie, is the mutual fascination between Arthur Radley and the children. Arthur, or Boo as the children called him, left them gifts such as dolls, a watch, and chewing gum in the hollow of a tree in his yard. The children made expeditions to the Radley house to look in the window just so they could catch a glimpse of Boo Radley. I believe this captivation was important to the story line because it was the main foundation of the children's imagination. A big part of the story was imagining Boo to be some kind of freak that came out at night to eat cats and squirrels. An add itional similarity between the book and movie is the respect showed to Atticus by the African American community of Maycomb. They respected him for his courage, which by his definition meant, "It's when you know you're licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do."(112). I think the mutual respect between the African Americans and Atticus was important not only to Atticus, but also to his children. Their father and the sad story and memories of Tom Robinson taught them the wrongs of racism. I think if the movie producers had taken out the good relationship between Atticus and the African Americans, it would be taking away one of the most important themes of the story. There are many other significant similarities between the book and the movie.

The Importance of Labeling of Goods and Products

In the grocery store anyone can find a plethora of goods that have the potential to improve human life in the simplest ways. Goods such as a Snickers bar, which can provide a little relaxation from an insane day at the job, or a gallon of milk, so that the kids can have something to drink with the nutritious breakfast that was also bought at the grocery store. Yet one aisle in this great place of choices destroys the relaxing candy bar or the weekly gallon of milk. This aisle is heavily perfumed and can not be avoided because it is placed smack-dab in the middle of the store. This aisle is the chemical aisle. It contains things from Mr. Clean, which cleans up the spilled milk that dried on the linoleum floor, to Raid which is supposed to get rid of flies at the next family bar-b-que. Even though life in general would be easier and more enjoyable without insects that can be bothersome, it is not necessary to pollute the air, ground, food, and liquids that are used daily by the inhabitants of the planet Earth, nor is it necessary to give misleading information about the products being used to boost sales and get a higher profit. The government should make stricter laws on the labeling of goods that contain chemicals which could be potentially hazardous to one's health. First, â€Å"corporations are trying to mislead consumers into believing household pesticides are harmless,† according to Marion Moses, M. D. of the Pesticide Education Center in San Francisco (â€Å"Latest Organic†). Raid, a product produced by S. C. Johnson Corporation, which is used to kill roaches, ants, and flies, has inscribed on the side of its container â€Å"Made with pyrethrins: pyrethrin insecticide is made from flowers† (18). That fact is very reassuring in its own way, but what is not mentioned on the label is that only eight-tenths of one percent of Pyrethrin is actually used in the production of Raid (18), and that the most active ingredient is Dursban which can cause numbness, tingling sensations, incoordination, headache, dizziness, tremor, nausea, just to name a few(Extoxnet). Also, over ninety-eight percent of Raids ingredients are inert, which do not have to be named on the label (â€Å"Latest Organic†). The government must stop companies from being able to hide ingredients used in their products and should be forced to tell the general public what is being used in the products. It is interesting to know that some of the most dangerous chemicals are not labeled, and, if they are, Dursban for example, they are labeled as something that does not pose any sort of danger. Yet even if the chemicals are labeled, and all of the amounts are placed on the back of the product so that the consumer can see what is used in the item, who is going to go home and look the chemicals up in places like the Extoxnet site or in the encyclopedia to see if the chemical will hurt them. But still, those problems can be solved easily if the companies would just sit down and consider what is being done to the public and what should be done to solve the problem. Fruits and vegetables are another problem all of there own though. It would be scary to see a label rite on the skin of an apple or a leaf of lettus. A list, that could be easily accessible, should be made up that states all of the chemicals sprayed on fruit. This way the dangers of chemicals such as Fonofos, which is primarily used on corn crops(Extoxnet), would be available and people would be aware of the potential hazards that come with the chemicals used in their products. Labeling or letting the general public know what is being used on apples to keep worms off them should be enforced by the government. It would be a relatively easy process since the companies already know what chemicals are being used on their products. But as long as Corporate America still feels the need to hide every little thing from the public, the public is doomed to walk up and down the aisles of the supermarket so that they can find one can of insecticide that might be able to kill the flies which are flying around the potato salad.

Types of Racism

Racism should not be ignored. There are two types of racism in the world. The two types of racism are overt racism and institutional racism. â€Å"Overt racism, especially in its contribution to the racist impact of qualification requirements on blacks. † 1. Overt racism contributes to a social and residential segregation, thereby isolating blacks at every income level from white society. â€Å"As a result of overtly racist â€Å"last-hired, first fired† policies toward blacks and the favoring of whites for on-the-job training, many blacks have been unable to gain work experience, particularly special working skills. 2. Overt racist action is when harm is inflicted or a benefit withheld either because of the perpetrator†s racial bias against the victim or because the perpetuator is prejudice of others. Institutional racism is when a person or firm has a practice that is race-neutral but still has an adverse impact in blacks as a group. Institutional racism also reinforces future racism by contributing to the presence of blacks at the bottom of the employment level. â€Å"The adverse effect on blacks of these neutral practices also contributes to the perpetuation of racist attitudes. 3. Individuals growing up in a society where blacks are visibly predominant in the lowest jobs tend to believe that blacks naturally belong there. â€Å"Recent studies show that less-educated workers can be trained by employers for skilled positions that are frequently reserved for college graduates. † 4. Black academics were initially excluded by racist attitudes from many white departments. Whites who are no more productive than blacks will tend to receive a better payoff. â€Å"Whites have eleven times the wealth of blacks; one-third of all blacks have no major assets what so ver except for the cash that they have on hand. † 5. Blacks wanted to get rid of Jim Crow laws. Jim laws made blacks segregated from the white community. Blacks couldn†t use white facilities to buy products instead, blacks had to buy from their facilities. â€Å"A University of Chicago investigation showed that because of persistent prejudice suburban blacks are more likely to suffer segregation than other minorities of equal income and social status. † 6. There were other signs of racism in the past like the trading of blacks slaves from Africa. Blacks who didn†t want to be a slave either revolted against their masters or committed suicide. Masters were very harsh on the blacks. Masters would punish and beat the slaves for no reason. There were a lot of anti-racist role models that were heroes to the blacks. Rosa Parks was famous role model because she stood up for what she believed in. She sat in the bus seat not letting any white sit in her seat. Rosa Parks was arrested for that reason. Because of her actions that she took after she got out of jail, racial segregation became illegal. Elizabeth Eckford braved the angry white crowds by herself when she was the first black person to get accepted into Little Rock High, which was an all white school. Martin Luther king Jr. was another brave role model. Martin Luther King Jr. always made flights to states to help the community win over racial segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. always brought huge crowds wherever he made a speech. He made very inspiring speeches to the blacks, which gave them more courage to protest against the whites. Martin Luther King Jr. was probably the most inspiring person this century because he led the blacks to freedom. He is so inspiring that he will become a saint. Segregation started in the late 1980s even though slavery existed for more than two hundred years. Segregation laws were rapidly affecting blacks. More laws were made in the early 1900s because of the inspiration of Jim Crow laws. â€Å"During the second half of the 1980s, racial violence against blacks increased nationwide. In 1988, a white supremacist movement of violent skin-headed youths, whose weapons included knives, baseball bats, and their own steel-toed boots, sprang up spontaneously in cities throughout the nation. 7. This lowered the blacks courage to fight against the whites. â€Å"Many blacks are excluded by requirements for work experience because as students they have been barred from white schools where relevant training was available or had been denied work experience and training by prejudice supervisors and employers. â€Å"8. Blacks lack of personal connections to the job market, but it arises in large part from segregation created by overtly racist practices. â€Å"As job losers, blacks tend to move down to unskilled temporary work, or to no work at all. † 9. Since blacks can†t find good jobs, they usually make the community bad by stealing and joining gangs to keep themselves alive. â€Å"It is still true that the more disagreeable the job, the greater the chance of finding a high proportion of blacks doing it. † 10. Cities don†t know that they need to have better working conditions for blacks or they will have as much suffer as blacks do. â€Å"Hiring by personal connections also tends to keep blacks at the bottom of the occupational ladder. † 11. It keeps them down because blacks don†t have many connections to people who own a store. Blacks felt the racist impact of such past hiring discrimination when, as less senior, they were less likely to gain work promotion and more likely to lose their jobs in economic recessions. † 12. Whites have been the first in line for hiring, training, promotion, and desirable job positions because of racism. White people either have been responsible for racism or have passively benefited from it. Since there are firms that don†t hire blacks in very low wages, white people have to either take the jobs and get low payment and bad working conditions, or don†t take the job and don†t get anything to help the community that the job provides. The whites also benefited from racism. Whites tend to get more promotions because there are no black competitions. Whites also benefited from housing discrimination where racism was strong. There have been a lot of cases of mass murders in a county. There was a case where, in one summer, eighty blacks have been beaten, thirty-five shot, five murdered, and more that twenty churches burnt down by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Most KKK members usually got away for the murders and damages they committed. KKK members only started getting accused after segregation became illegal. But still, only blacks who were brutally murdered had a trial against the KKK. KKK groups are very confident about passing through a conviction. The KKK was always there where the black protesters were. They were there to intimidate them. They also wanted to start a fight whenever they had an opportunity too. â€Å"The isolation of blacks from white society is also sustained by widespread racist attitudes that exclude blacks from white clubs and social circles where networks leading to jobs are formed. † 13. Blacks not only suffer from discrimination but being isolated from a white community. Blacks lack personal connections to residents of all-white suburbs where many new jobs have been created. † 14. The adverse effect on blacks is exacerbated when suburban employers rely on walk-in applicants from these neighborhoods. â€Å"According to a 1981 study, black school districts in the black belt states receive less funding and inferior education by comparison with economically similar white districts, in a part as a result of local (white) decision making. † 15. White decision-making affects blacks a lot because the whites want to help their school funding more than the blacks school funding. The racism of government practices encouraged race discrimination by landlords who blocked the escape of blacks from ghettos, and by employers and unions who refused to hire, promote, or train them, as well as widespread communication of an insulting stereotype of blacks, derogatory to their ability and character. † 16. Because racist treatment of blacks in business and professional reduced family income, it hurt their sons and daughters. â€Å"Among these black parents injuries, they suffered discrimination policies of federal agencies in allocation of business loans, low-interest mortgages, agrarian price supporters, and government contracts. 17. There are a lot of different remedies for almost every issue involving racism. One of the reasons for avoiding racism is that blacks willingness to accept lower wages and adverse working conditions reduce labor†s bargaining power generally with management. â€Å"Although long-term black employees have the benefit of high sonority ranking, after the 1964 Civil Rights Act many continued to suffer the racist impact of departmental sonority arrangements. † 18. Under such arrangements, a worker who transfers from one department to another loses all sonority credit.   Because of programs that help families over racism, black children start to have more black role models, which creates more self-confidence. â€Å"Complaints can be lodged in a court or administration under title seven of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits such discrimination, and may be pursued against a firm or a union on behalf of an identifiable individual or group. † 19. Other ways of avoiding racism could be real dangerous. One way is to stand firm where there are firms who practice racism. Doing this would give blacks a chance to end racism in that firm. Blacks could move away if they feel too intimidated by the whites. â€Å"In some situations where blacks are notoriously scarce, the courts have approved â€Å"set-asides,† which unlike goals, reserve a specific number of positions for minorities only. † 20. They could also hold strikes against the government facilities so that they would stop the racism in the community. â€Å"Because blacks are disproportionately represented in the bottom-level positions, their personal recruitment tends to maintain occupational segregation. † 21. There are other things that help blacks like some programs that give shelter, food, clothing, and caring. One more way is to ignore the people who are intimidating you. Almost every remedy has its adverse effects. Complaint remedies could be deficient in a number of ways. â€Å"Since the complaint remedy requires proof of bias, it does not apply to institutional race-neutral policies. Yet qualification standards can be manipulated by prejudiced employers to exclude blacks, especially, as we have seen, vague personality standards.